Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse Within Institutions Literature review

Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse Within Institutions - Literature review Example udy Conclusions 29 Recommendations for Future Action 30 Chapter Summary 34 List of Works cited 35 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Overview Childhood sexual abuse is a human rights violation affecting all age groups within the childhood period globally. Effects of the Childhood sexual abuse on young lives are very devastating and have both short and long term consequences. Prevalence rate of sexual abuse has been difficult to determine for various reasons; estimates have broadly varied as a result of different definitions of the term and the sensitive nature of the phenomenon accompanied by shame and stigma experienced by victims (Julia, P.46). This makes it disincentive for victims to report its occurrence for fear of stigmatisation. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 223 million children (150 million girls and 73 million boys) have experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence globally as reported by (Dube and Anda, p.123). Recent research effort s suggest that sexual exploitation and abuse within institution is a widespread but largely unrecognized problem in many countries. The closed nature of the school environment means that children can be at great risk of sexual abuse in schools. There is a recognized child sexual abuse problem in schools. For this realization, the following dissertation seeks to establish the effects of childhood sexual abuse within institutions. The first chapter introduces the research problem by presenting background information, stating the objectives and significance of the study as well the research questions. Background to the study The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 34, CRC, 1990) prohibits child sexual abuse. Since UK is a signatory to this convention, (Brown, p.74) argues that... This study has established that Child Sexual Abuse exists in all the schools in the study areas. Child sexual abuse is intense and widespread mostly in SHS and JHS, manifesting itself in both contact and non-contact forms. Girls are more vulnerable than boys in a ratio of 11: 9 and children within age range of 14-16 years are more at risk of sexual abuse. Poverty, sexual pleasure, lack of protection and peer influence are found to be the main causes of child sexual abuse in schools in the areas studied. The weak protective environment is further complicated by the ineffective enforcement of laws and implementation of policies and programmes designed for child protection. This study employed both exploratory and descriptive survey. This research approach sought to elicit facts and data on the nature, distribution, degree and the reasons for perpetration of child sexual abuse in schools in the study areas, as well as respondents’ beliefs and perspectives and clearly describe the m. Additionally the present study employed library based research design whereby secondary information from multiple archival sources was also compiled to compare and validate the primary sources of empirical materials. This paper makes a conclusion that the study presented in the preceding chapter four and outlined the conclusions that the study found relevant. The chapter further highlighted several recommendations that can be adopted for conducting future research in an attempt to address the research problem under investigation. Several key issues that have emerged throughout the dissertation were revisited as highlighted in the foregoing sections.

Concretising your discussion with reference to specific examples, Essay

Concretising your discussion with reference to specific examples, identify and discuss the main components of the ideology of the artist - Essay Example The term Gramsci is given to this socialization process of influencing people’s perceptions of society (Lye 1997). The concept of ideology essentially means beliefs, whether true or false, in society that has become institutionalized so they can serve the interests of a ruling class. Ideological beliefs are similar to propaganda but vary in the way that they are much more deeply embedded in the peoples conscious and influences how a person thinks about the society he or she lives in. For example, Americans tend to have certain beliefs about the nature of the democracy but may find democracies elsewhere alien if they do not follow the same pattern. Some beliefs configure our actions, like going to the polls to elect our leaders turns out to be a duty. Critics might mention that these beliefs might actually work against most people for the obscure interests of those leaders who rule America. Assuming the critic is right, then those would be ideological beliefs and represent a "false consciousness" about American democracy. The issue raised with the notion of ideology implies that there are objective truths in the world that do not depend on our idea of them in order for them to be true. The natural sciences were for quite some time in history considered as the only dependable starting place of these objective truths. The first followers of the concept of ideology supposed that by employing scientific methods, the false beliefs of ideology could be uncovered. Early Greeks thinkers contested the idea of objective truth by saying that truth lies in the eye of the beholder and that science reveals no hidden truths about the world but only helps us in reshaping things in a manner that suits the needs of the elite ruling classes. Without a clear idea of objective truth, the whole idea of ideology appears unfeasible. In history the concept of ideology